HYPER TERMINAL TEST FOR TROUBLE SHOOTING RS-232(serial port)

Hi friends, are you struck with problems when using serial port during programming micro controllers like getting error message"no response from from micro controller" ???or you have trouble in interfacing computer with external slave processor like micro controller to transfer

data between them.then you are at the right place.

In this tutorial i will give you the way how we troubleshoot the serial port.by troubleshooting you can find out whether your serial port is working properly or not.The method used for this known as "HYPER TERMINAL TEST".

This is how a serial port(DB-9) looks like,shown below:

Pin 2--->data receive

Pin 3--->data transmit

Pin 5---> GND

Step1:

-------

Short the pins 2 and 3 as shown in the figure.

Step2:

-------

Now go to start menu in your PC

Start Menu--->All programms--->Accessories--->Communications--->Hyper Terminal

Step3:

-------

When you click hyper terminal,you will get a window as shown in the snap below

enter some name to the connection (i named it "venkatesh") and click 'ok'.

Step4:

------

you get a window prompting you to enter location

enter some location and pincode.

select 'connect using' as COM1 and click 'ok'

Step5:

-------

Then you get a window shown below,with small window "com1" settings

select

bits persecond as "9600"

data bits as "8"

parity as "none"

stop bits as "1"

and flow control as "none"

Now click "apply" and "ok"

Step6:

-------

A blank window appears as shown below with cursor blinking.

keep shorting the pins 2 and 3,type some text with the keyboard

Now , if you can see the text you typed on the window.

then it means that there is no problem with your serial port and every thing is correct with

the PC,if not there is some thing wrong with the PC serial port.

Hence your serial port is TESTED.

Up to this point i have just told you the process to trouble shoot the serial port but didn't tell you

the logic behind what we did actually.

what is the logic behind this hyperterminal test?????

generally

1.whatever input we give from the keyboard,it comes out through the serial port pin 3.

2.and whatever input we get from the serial port pin2,we can display that in hyper terminal

using the above settings.

so keeping this as basis just come back to what we did,we shorted the pins 2 and 3.

by that,what we type in the keyboard is sent to pin3 first and then back to pin2(as they are shorted),so the characters typed by us on the keyboard are displayed back to us:)

Hope you enjoyed the tutorial,for any queries and comments,just post them here or to my mail

have a good day bye:)

--Regards

Venkatesh

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MICROCONTROLLERS

1.89V51RD2 PROGRAMMER USING SERIAL PORT(COM1)

2.89SXX PARALLEL PORT PROGRAMMER

3.MINIMUM MICROCONTROLLER CONNECTIONS

4.MICROCONTROLLERS POWER SUPPLY

5.89SXX SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMER

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WIRELESS CIRCUITS

1.RADIO WAVES DETECTOR

2.FM TRANSMITTERS SIMPLE DESIGNS

3.SIMPLEST RADIO

4.SIMPLE AIR CRAFT COMMUNICATION RECEIVER

5.PORTABLE AM RECEIVER

6.AM FM SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMITTER

7.TV REMOTE JAMMER

8.FM RADIO BOOSTER

9.1WATT FM TRANSMITTER

10.CAR ANTI THEFT WIRELESS

11.SIMPLE INFRARED TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

12.FM RADIO JAMMER

13.AM TRANSMITTER

14.TV TRANSMITTER

15.2KMs FM TRANSMITTER

16.FM RADIO RECEIVER

17.POCKET FM RECEIVER

18.1WATT 4 STAGE FM TRANSMITTER

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SWITCH CIRCUITS

1.SWITCHES

2.WIRELESS SWITCH

3.LASER ACTIVATED SWITCH

4.TOUCH SWITCH

5.230V A.C TOGGLE SWITCH

6.CLAP SWITCH

7.SOUND SWITCH

8.DARK ACTIVATED SWITCH

9.TOUCH ACTIVATED LIGHT

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SOUND GENERATOR CIRCUITS

1.POWERFUL SIREN

2.ONE IC TWO TONE SIREN

3.ELECTRONIC SIREN

4.8 SOUND EFFECTS GENERATOR

5.SOUND SWITCH

6.AMERICAN POLICE CAR SIREN

7.BRITISH POLICE CAR SIREN

8.SIMPLE POLICE CAR SIREN

9.TWO TRANSISTOR SIREN

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SIMPLEST BUT SUPERB EVER

1.SIMPLE LIE DETECTOR

2.SIMPLE FM RECEIVER WITH EAR PHONES

3.SIMPLEST RADIO

4.SINGLE TRANSISTOR FM RADIO(easy home made)

5.MAKE YOUR OWN SIMPLE COMPONENT TESTER

6.TV REMOTE TESTER

7.TRANSISTOR BETA TESTER

8.POCKET FM RECEIVER

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VARIETY STUFF

1.USE PC AS CRO

2.RAIN SOUND EFFECT GENERATOR

3.12 VOLTS INVERTER FOR SOLDERING IRON

4.SALT TASTER CIRCUIT

5.SLEEP AID CIRCUIT

6.ELECTRONIC GATE KEEPER

7.WALKING DISTANCE MEASURER

8.BATTERY STATUS INDICATOR

9.FULL DUPLEX VOICE INTERCOM

10.TELEPHONE CALL VOICE CHANGER

11.BEST RECTIFICATION CIRCUIT

12.BASIC UPS

13.VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY

14.SCHMITT TRIGGER

15.DOOR BELL WITH VISITOR COUNTER

16.TRANSFORMERLES POWER SUPPLY

17.METAL DETECTOR

18.AUTOMATIC GATE LAMP

19.SMART SMOKE SENSOR

20.FRIDGE DOOR ALARM

21.PRECISE FM TUNING INDICATOR

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LED AND LIGHT RELATED CIRCUITS

1.LIGHT SENSITIVE ALARM

2.LED TORCH USING MAX660

3.LASER ACTIVATED SWITCH

4.SIX LED BAR AUDIO POWER INDICATOR

5.BESIDE LAMP TIMER

6.COURTESY LAMP

7.EMERGENCY LIGHT ALARM

8.FLASHING LEDS

9.2 LED PILOT LAMP (A.C)

10.BLINKING ARROW

11.MAINS OPERATED FLASHING LIGHTS

12.LEDS FOLLOWING THE RHYTHM OF MUSIC OR VOICE

13.SIMPLE COLOR ORGAN

14.LIGHT DETECTOR CIRCUIT

15.BLINKING LED CIRCUIT

16.RUNNING MESSAGE DISPLAY

17.TOUCH ACTIVATED LIGHT

18.ALTERNATING LIGHT FLASHER

19.DANCING LIGHTS CIRCUIT

20.SIMPLE SOLAR LAMP

21.USB LAMP CIRCUIT

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FINAL YEAR PROJECTS (full reports)

1.MINI FM STATION

2.TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

3.SATELLITE SIGNAL TRACKING SYSTEM

4.HOME AUTOMATION OVER INTERNET

5.GSM BASED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

6.DESIGN OF L-BAND SPIRO HELICAL ANTENNA

7.MOBILE SHIELD

8.AUTOMATED MEDICAL RADIOGRAPH COMPRESSION AND DECOMPRESSION

9.NOISE REDUCTION USING SHIELDING

10.GENERATING CRYPTOGRAPHIC KEYS FROM FACIAL FEATURES

11.VHDL IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD ALGORITHM

12.CELL PHONE OPERATED ROBOT

13.WIRELESS NOTICE BOARD USING MOBILE PHONE

14.CAR THEFT CONTROL

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ELECTRONICS MADE EASY SPECIAL

1.HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN POWER SUPPLIES

2.DTMF(DUAL TONE MULTIPLE FREQUENCY)

3.555 TIMERS MADE EASY

4.IC MAX 232 FOR INTERFACING COMPUTER WITH RS 232 WITH EXTERNAL HARDWARE

5.RS 232 SERIAL COMMUNICATION STANDARD

6.HOW TO USE CONDENSER MIC OR ECM

7.ZOBEL NETWORK FOR LOUD SPEAKER

8.HOW TO MAKE AN INDUCTOR

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ELECTRONICS BASICS

1.DIODES

2.SWITCHES

3.BREADBOARD

4.LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS

5.TRANSFORMERS

6.SR-FLIP FLOP

7.NETWORK THEOREMS

8.UNI-JUNCTION TRANSISTORS(UJT)

9.BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS(BJT)

10.FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR(FET)

11.SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER(SCR)

12.JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR(JFET)

13.METAL OXIDE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR(MOSFET)

14.RELAYS

15.MAKE YOUR SIMPLE COMPONENT TESTER

16.TRANSISTORS

17.SOLDERING GUIDE

18.CAPACITORS

19.HOW TO USE CONDENSER MIC OR ECM

20.COMPONENTS SYMBOLS

21.IC PIN DIAGRAMS

22.DEVICE NUMBERING SYSTEM

23.RESISTORS

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DOWNLOADS

1.ELECTRONIC SOFTWARES AND E-BOOKS DOWNLOAD

2.MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRONIC CALCULATIONS SOFTWARE

3.K- MAPS SOFTWARE

4.INDUCTOR MAKING SOFTWARES

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CELL PHONE RELATED CIRCUITS

1.CELL PHONE OPERATED ROBOT

2.MOBILE PHONE CHARGER

3.CELL PHONE INCOMING CALL DETECTOR

4.CELL PHONE CALLING ACTUATOR

5.MOBILE SCANNER

6.CELL PHONE JAMMER

7.CELL PHONE DETECTOR

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AUDIO AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS

1.PORTABLE HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER

2.HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER#2

3.SPEECH AMPLIFIER BOX

4.BATTERY POWERED HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER

5.HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER

6.DYNAMIC MICROPHONE PRE-AMPLIFIER

7.VOICE OVER CIRCUIT

8.HI-FI PRE AMPLIFIER

9.8 WATT AUDIO AMPLIFIER

10.PORTABLE MICROPHONE PRE-AMPLIFIER

11.MICRO PHONE PRE-AMPLIFIER

12.AUDIO AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

13.TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER DESIGN

14.STEREO AMPLIFIER USING LA4440

15.LOW COST MIC MIXTURE

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555 TIMER CIRCUITS

1.LIGHT SENSITIVE ALARM

2.TOUCH SWITCH

3.COURTESY LIGHT

4.CLAP RELAY

5.BLINKING LED CIRCUIT

6.TOUCH ACTIVATED LIGHT

7.AMERICAN POLICE CAR SIREN

8.BRITISH POLICE CAR SIREN

9.PANIC ALARM

10.POLICE SIREN USING NE555

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89V51XX PROGRAMMER USING SERIAL PORT

89v51xx series are very special series of microcontrollers in 8051 family as

they are dead easy to burn and these microcontrollers have more flash memory

compared to 89s series and 89c series.

these microcontrollers are manufactured by NXP(founded by philips).

they are boon to the beginners who dont have a parallel port and cannot make

89sxx serial programmer,as microcontrollers are "IN SYSTEM PROGRAMMABLE"(ISP)

these micro controllers have ISP through UART.which means that,it requires only one level conversion MAX232 ic between the computer serial port and the microcontroller.more

about level conversion in my previous tutorial,IC MAX232 FOR INTERFACING COMPUTER USING RS-232 WITH EXTERNAL HARDWARE(�c or �p)

the burning process is carried out only by two pins TXD(transmit) and

RXD(receive).and the program is burned to FLASH ROM via UART through these

pins.

89v51RD2 programmer circuit:

click on image to enlarge

Download schematic pdf here

Download Flash magic software(flash magic website)

89v51rx2.h headerfile download for keil IDE programming in 'c'

software tools:

After the circuit is connected as shown in the above schematic,we should use

a software to send the program bits(burn) in to the microcontrollers FLASH ROM

the software specially dedicated for this philips microcontrollers is

called "FLASH MAGIC".

detailed step by step procedure is given with snapshots below.

step1:

------

select the device name,am using 89v51RD2 here as an example.

step2:

------

select com port as com1 and make sure that no other peripherals are connected

to com port.

step3:

-----

select moderate baud rate,choose minimum while you work for the first time

later you can increase to optimum,by increasing step by step.

step4:

------

select interface as none(isp).

step5:

------

browse for the .hex file to be burned to the microcontroller.

step6:

------

now click start buttton,this starts burning process.

step7:

------

the burning status is shown in the bar.

step8:

------

when the burning process is finished,you get the "finish" message.

now your device is programmed successfully!!!!

so enjoy!!!!:)

EXTRA READING:

--------------

1.some microcontrollers which support this method are 89v51RD2,89v51RB2,

89v51Rc2,89v52x2,89v660,89v662,89v664....etc.

2.you can remove the connection between the RESET and DTR and manually make

RESET high immediatly when the software is ready to start programming.

3.in the circuit given above,the RESET is connected to the DTR pin of serial

port,this takes care of making the RESET high during the burning process.

meaning whenever serial port is ready to burn ,it asserts DTR

(data terminal ready)pin(pin4 of DB-9)and hence making the RESET to go high.

4.one more speciality is that these microcontrollers can also be burnt

through parallelport method given in my previous tutorial.

5.if any program changes are made,the .hex file is automatically updated,no need

to select it again.

****any queries or comments ??? just post them here,or mail me,Thank you!!!!!!!!**********

-Regards

venkatesh

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89SXX PARALLEL PORT PROGRAMMER USING LPT1

After we develop a program,we need to burn the .hex code file generated by c compiler in to the micro controller,for this we need some hardware that must be connected between the computer and the microcontroller.

The hardware is known as programmer or burner.there are different to burn the

program in to the EEPROM of the micro controller.

parallel port method(using LPT1):

click on image to enlarge

Download schematic pdf file here

Download ISP pgm software here

This method uses parallel port(LPT1)(DB-25)also called printer port,of computer

to burn the program.

and is very simple programming method has only 5 connections.

note:this parallel port programmer can be used to burn the microcontrollers

like 89s51 or 89s52. that is microcontrollers which has "IN SYSTEM PROGRAMMING"

(ISP) facility.

SOFTWARE TOOLS :

After the circuit is connected as shown in the above schematic,we should use

a software to fuse bits in to the EEPROM of microcontroller,the software i used

here is "ISP-Flashprogrammer 3.0a".install this software and u can see this window,

step by step procedure is shown below

step1:

------

The window shown in the snapshot appears as you open the software,browse the

.hex file to be burnt to the microcontroller,by clicking "open file".

step2:

------

now select the device to be programmed,we are using here 89s52 so select it.

step3:

------

now click "write",the status bar appears which indicates the status of

burning process.and as soon as the device is programmed.you will get a message

"programmed succesfully"

now your device is programmed successfully!!!!

so enjoy!!!!:)

EXTRA READING:

--------------

1.the microcontrollers which have ISP facility can only be programmed by this

method.

2.microcontrollers having ISP facility can be idetified by 's' in their name;

's' means in "system" programmable.

for example 89s52 in this name 's' indicates that this microcontroller is

having ISP facility and hence parallel port method can be used.

3.this method can be used to burn AVR family of microcontrollers also.

4.we can generalise that any microcontrollers which have MISO,MOSI,SCK pins

can be programmed through this method.

5.MISO is master in slave out,pin which takes bits in to master processor(PC)that

are given out by slave processor(microcontroller).

MOSI master out slave in,pin which gives bits out of master processor(PC) to

slave processor(microcontroller).

SCK pin is for the synchronisation of clock between master and slave.

6.all computers dont have parallelport,this is motherboard dependent and

most of old motherboards have parallelports where as new systems doesnt.

7.very important thing to be noted is converters like USB to PARALLELPORT converter

,or SERIAL to PARALLELPORT converters dont work.

ISP softwares send the program bits directly to the inbuilt parallelports only.

8.also dont use PCI peripheral interfaces they are waste of time and money,they

wont work for parallelport method.so the thing is parallelport must be originally of

mother board only.

9.no need to make any settings for selecting the parallelport,the software

automatically sends bits to the lpt1.

10.you can also use lock bit combinations to secure your program code.

*****any queries or comments ??? just post them here,or mail me,Thank you!!!!!!!!**********

-Regards

venkatesh

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MINIMUM MICRO CONTROLLER CONNECTIONS

A microcontroller is not alone in a circuit,it must be having supporting

components to make it functional.

1.a crystal(12MHZ)and two capacitors(33pF).

2.RESET connection(RC circuit).

3.EA pin connected HIGH to Vcc(only when internal memory is used).

so the minimum microcontroller configuration is as shown in the schematic

below.

MINIMUM MICROCONTROLLER CONFIGURATION:

click on image to enlarge

Download schematic pdf file here

note:keep this circuit in your memory we will encounter this minimum

configuration very often in our circuits.

EXTRA READING:

1.33pF capacitors are needed to remove unwanted ripple and stray oscillations.

2.crystal is needed to provide oscillations,which moves the instructions to

be executed by the CPU of microcontroller.greater is the crystal speed,

speeder the operation.generally a crystal of 12MHZ to

20MHZ can be used.it can be even high and is limited by microcontroller

fabrication.

3.RESET connection has RC elements which have characteristics of RC highpass

circuit.

4.when microcontroller is powered ON,the RC circuit generates a spike

(a triggering pulse)which makes RESET pin(9) logic'1' for small duration of

time.

when RESET is made high the microcontroller will reset and terminates

all acivities,and the program counter will point to

the first instruction of the program(0000 location of ROM) also all the

values in the registers will be lost.

5.each and every time the supply is switched ON the microcontoller RESETS with

this RC circuit.

6.in order for the RESET to be effective,it must have a minimum duration

of 2 machine cycles(2x12 crystal cycles)i.e 2x1.085uSec.so it must be high

for a minimum of 2 machine cycles before it goes low.

we discuss more about this machine cycles later.

7.a RC circuit with R=8.2k and C=10uF are used here in the circuit,which is

tested and gives our minimum duration of time for which the RESET must be high.

8.most of the 8051 family microcontrollers come with on chip ROM(EEPROM flash)

to store the programs.if the program is accesed from the internal ROM of micro

controller,then the EA pin is tied HIGH to Vcc.for family members such as

8031 there is no on chip ROM and the code is fetched from external ROM.

therefore for 8031 type the EA pin must be connected to LOW(GND),to indicate that

code is stored externally.EA stands for external access(pin 31).it is an input

pin and is connected to Vcc(for internal code access) or to GND(for external

access).it must not be left unconnected(floating).

*****any queries or comments ??? just post them here,or mail me,Thank you!!!!!!!!**********

-Regards

venkatesh

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MICROCONTROLLERS POWER SUPPLY

Any microcontroller needs a powersupply to work,the supply must give constant

a constant output voltage.for all our microcontrollers we need a 5V supply.her

e is a simple circuit which gives a regulated supply voltage.and we constantly

use this in our every microcontroller project.

click on image to enlarge

download schematic pdf file

EXTRA READING:

1.prefer to use 1Amp trasformer,as many can be connected to the single supply.

2.you can also half wave rectifier instead of a bridge rectifier,just modify

the rectification section.

3.a 7805 ic used here gives out a constant supply of 5V

4.the capacitors used there are for smoothening and

avoiding unwanted ripple.

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89SXX ISP PROGRAMMER USING SERIAL PORT(COM1)

Generally parallel port method is preferred as it is very easy,but

what if we don't have a parallel port for our computer??

so the alternative is serial port programmer.

serial port programmer method uses serial port(DB-9)(com1).

This programmer is a bit complex circuit to construct compared to parallel port method.

89sxx serial programmer circuit:

click on image to enlarge

Download schematic in pdf file

Download hex file

Download ISP PROG software

SOFTWARE TOOLS:

After the circuit is connected as shown in the above schematic,we should use

a software to fuse bits in to the EEPROM of microcontroller,the software i used

here is "ISP_PROG v1.4".install this software and u can see this window.



step1:

------

Now go to options menu and select

settings option,you will get a window asking you to set the com.

as we are using serial port,we select the option com1.and click "ok".

step2:

------

again go to options menu you can see select device option click it,you get

a select device window.select the device as 89s52,as we are using this micro

controller here.and then click "ok".

step3:

------

now select "write device" option and click "RUN" you can now see the status

of the burning of the device.

when the burning process is finished,you get the "finish" message.

now your device is programmed successfully!!!!

so enjoy!!!!:)





EXTRA READING:

---------------------

1.in this method the microcontroller cannot directly communicate with the serial

port of computer it communicates via another slave micro controller.

2.the slave micro controller used between the target microcontroller is pre-programmed

with a boot loader program,this program facilitates programming the micro via serial port.

more on boot loader here.

3.you can see in the figure the first microcontroller is connected to the serial

port of computer through MAX232.the serial port voltage

levels are incompatible with microcontroller voltage levels(TTL).

more about level conversion in my previous tutorial IC MAX232 FOR INTERFACING RS232

so this ic level converts between the serial port and the microcontroller.



4.The 89c2051 again uses a parallelport method to burn code in to it.

5.here the capacitors used around the MAX232 ic are used for clamping the

voltage levels.

6.if your computer dont even have this serial port(laptops dont have serialports),

no problem as every computer now a days have a USB connection,you can use a USB

to SERIAL PORT converter.

7.before using the USB to serial port converter,dont forget to install

USB to serial port drivers.otherwise the device wont be detected at all.

8.if the programmer doesnt work dont panic,there is an easy way of troubleshooting

the serial port,which is discussed in troubleshooting the serialport tutorial.

*****any queries or comments ??? just post them here,or mail me,Thank you!!!!!!!!**********

-Regards

venkatesh

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MINI FM STATION

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to transmit voice and music in FM frequency band

(88-108MHZS) similar to what an FM station does.this is possible by frequency modulating the voice or music signal with a carrier.

The idea is very simple,the frequency of the carrier is varied linearly in accordance with the voice or music that we want to transmit.A colpitts oscillator produces necessary carrier oscillations. the carrier has some amount of frequency deviation with respect to the voice or music message.

The voice or music is pre-amplified in the first stage,A simple colpitts oscillator doesnt give any message information,it just gives a blank carrier oscillations.we must vary its frequency in accordance with the music or voice.in order to do it,The base emitter junction of the of the colpitts oscillator is biased with the voice or music signals .the voice or music signal voltage varies the junction capacitance of the oscillator.such that the capacitance of the junction is varied with the voice or music signal voltage.this variation in the capacitance inturn varies the frequency of oscillations.

hence the frequency variations are produced with the variations in the voice or music signal.

This frequency modulated signal is now ready to be transmitted across the free space.using a proper antenna with good matching characteristics we can transmit the frequency modulated signal in to air the form of electromagnetic radiations.

A commercial FM receiver can catch this electromagnetic radiations and convert it to electrical signal and demodulate it back to the original voice or music signal. demodulator is a commercial receiver which uses a phase locked loop circuitry.

Hence following the method described above we can thus transmit and receive a voice and music signal wirelesly over the free space.

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>

authors:

P.SHOBHA (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

S.VENKATESH (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

T.RAGHURAM (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

M.KRISHNA KANTH(Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

P.PRABHATH(Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

ABSTRACT

The project is all about building a model TEELEPHONE EXCHANGE that facilitates the connection of eight(8) telephones. Telephone exchange switches one telephone connecting to other. Infact it is not the only thing it does, but the set with which communication required is generating the pulses when the relevant number is dialed. The important functions of telephone exchange are:

1) To Decode and process the pulses generated by the telephone sets

2) To generate a dialing tone

3) To generate and pass on a ringing tone

4) To interconnect the sets as soon as the receiver is lifted

5) To prevent the third party/ set listening in;

The exchange is provided with LEDs that show at all times which of the sets, if any, are engaged. An indicating LED indicates whether the exchange is engaged or not. This LED goes out only when the communication has been terminated i.e. , when the two relevant receivers have been replaced on their rests. All the telephone sets are powered from a common source via the stand by and speech lines; The connection between each of the sets and the exchange is therefore, in many cases is possible, via two lines only. The bell voltage is placed on the speech line via a relay. Calling one set from another is done by simply dialing or keying in the number of wanted set i.e., 1�8

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>>>>

authors:

Y.VAMSI (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

N.PRAPOORNA (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

R.BHUSHANAM (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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SATELLITE SIGNAL TRACKING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The Main objective of the project is to control the Satellite Dish Antenna movement according to the orbit of Satellite. It is useful to produce the maximum signal strength from the Satellite. For the purpose of practical demonstration we have constructed Antenna by using LDR �s and substituted satellite with a laser light so that signal strength will be measured in terms of light intensity.

The project is designed with Micro Controller 89c51 and stepper motor, motor driven circuit, LDR �s and voltage comparators. The Antenna attached to the stepper motor rotating towards the forward direction and reverse direction.

Initially the program written in micro controller scans for the maximum light intensity (maximum signal strength) focused on the Antenna then stops rotation. When the light intensity is decreased again it looks for maximum light intensity and moving in incrementing direction. Again it stops rotation at maximum value. The rotating direction may be clockwise or anticlockwise.

All LDR �s, limit switches are connected to the input port, motor is connected to output port of Micro Controller.

It is an useful project to rotate the Antenna in the direction of satellite.

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>>>>

authors:

Y.VAMSI (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

N.PRAPOORNA (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

R.BHUSHANAM (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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LIST OF MICROCONTROLLERS

This is a list of common microcontrollers listed by brand

AMCC

* PPC 403GCX

* PowerPC 405

o PPC 405EP

o PPC 405GP/CR

o PPC 405GPr

o PPC NPe405H/L

* PowerPC 440

o PPC 440GP

o PPC 440GX

o PPC 440EP/EPx/GRx

o PPC 440SP/SPe

Altera

* Nios II 32-bit configurable soft microprocessor

* Nios 16-bit configurable soft processor

Analog Devices

* Blackfin

* Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer (SHARC)

* TigerSHARC

* ADSP-21xx digital signal processor

* MicroConverter Family - ARM7 and 8052 cores

Atmel

* AT89 series (Intel 8051 architecture)

All four ports in the AT89C51 and AT89C52 are bidirectional.Each consists of a latch (Special Function Registers P0 through P3), an output driver, and an input buffer.The output drivers of Ports 0 and 2, and the input buffers of Port 0, are used in accesses to external memory. In this application, Port 0 outputs the low byte of the external memory address, time-multiplexed with the byte being written or read. Port 2 outputs the high byte of the external memory address when the address is 16 bits wide. Otherwise the Port 2 pins continue to emit the P2 SFR content. All the Port 3 pins, and two Port 1 pins (in the AT89C52)are multifunctional.The alternate functions can only be activated if the corresponding bit latch in the port SFR contains a 1. Otherwise the port pin is stuck at 0. It has less complex feature than other microprocessor.

Device name Data Memory

AT89C1051 1K Flash 64 RAM

AT89C2051 2K Flash 128 RAM

AT89C4051 4K Flash 128 RAM

AT89C51 4K Flash 128 RAM

AT89C52 8K Flash 256 RAM

AT89C55 20K Flash 256 RAM

AT89S8252 8K Flash 256 RAM

AT89S53 12K Flash 256 RAM

* AT90, ATtiny, ATmega, ATxmega series (AVR architecture) (Atmel Norway design)

consumes more power than 89 series

* AT91SAM (ARM7 architecture)

# AT91x40 series

# AT91sam7l series ... low power operation

# AT91sam7s series ... with USB and other peripherals

# AT91sam7se series ... with USB, external memory support, and other peripherals

# AT91sam7x series ... with Ethernet, USB, CAN, and other peripherals

# AT91sam7xc series ... cryptographic extensions (notably AES support) to AT91sam7x chips

* AVR32 (32-bit AVR architecture) (Atmel Norway design)

The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel in 1996. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to One-Time Programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.

* MARC4

Charmed Labs

* Qwerk

* XPort

Cypress Semiconductor

* CY8C2xxxx (PSoC1) CPU M8C

* CY8C3xxxx (PSoC3) CPU 8051

* CY8C5xxxx (PSoC5) CPU ARM Cortex M3

Psoc (Programmable system on CHIP)

Dallas semiconductors

* 8051 Family

* MAXQ RISC Family

* Secure Micros Family

ELAN Microelectronics Corp.

ELAN's microcontroller product range includes the following:

* EM78PXXX Low Pin-Count MCU Family

* EM78PXXXN GPIO Type MCU Family

* EM78PXXXN ADC Type MCU Family

Energy Micro

Energy Micro AS provides low energy 32-bit microcontrollers using an ARM Cortex-M3 processor.

The semiconductor company is situated in Oslo, Norway. The EFM32 products consists of:

* Standard microcontrollers

* Application specific microcontrollers

* Custom microcontrollers

EPSON Semiconductor

* 4-bit Microcomputers S1C60/62/63 family

* 8-bit Microcomputers S1C88 family

* 16-bit Microcomputers S1C17 family

* 32-bit Microcomputers S1C33 family

Freescale Semiconductor

* 8-bit

o 68HC05 (CPU05)

o 68HC08 (CPU08)

o 68HC11 (CPU11)

* 16-bit

o 68HC12 (CPU12)

o 68HC16 (CPU16)

o Freescale DSP56800 (DSPcontroller)

* 32-bit

o Freescale 683XX

o M�CORE

o MPC500

o MPC 860 (PowerQUICC)

o MPC 8240/8250 (PowerQUICC II)

o MPC 8540/8555/8560 (PowerQUICC III)

Fujitsu

* F�MC Family (8/16 bit)

* FR Family (32 bit)

* FR-V Family (32 bit RISC)

Holtek

Holtek Semiconductor is a Taiwan-based designer of 8-bit microcontrollers and peripheral products.

Located in the Hsinchu Science Park

* HT48FXX Flash I/O type series

* HT48RXX I/O type series

* HT46RXX A/D type series

* HT49RXX LCD type series

* HT82XX Computer Peripheral series

* HT95XX Telecom Peripheral series

* HT86XX Voice series

Infineon

* 8-bit

o XC800 family

* 16-bit

o XE166 family

o C166 family

o C167 family

* 32-bit

o TRICORE family

Intel

? List of Intel microprocessors#Microcontrollers

* 8-bit

o MCS-48 (8048 family � also incl. 8035, 8038, 8039, 8040, 8X42, 8X49, 8050; X=0 or 7)

o MCS-51 (8051 family � also incl. 8X31, 8X32, 8X52; X=0, 3, or 7)

o 8xC251

* 16-bit

o MCS-96 (8096 family � also incl. 8061)

o Intel MCS-296

Lattice Semiconductor

* Mico8 8 bit soft microprocessor

* Mico32 32 bit soft microprocessor

Microchip Technology

Microchip produces microcontrollers with 3 very different architectures:

8-bit (8 bit data bus) PICmicro, with a single accumulator (8 bits):

* PIC10 and PIC12: 12-bit instruction words

* PIC16 series: 14-bit instruction words, one address pointer ("indirect register pair")

o PIC16F628 (Replacement for very popular but discontinued PIC16F84)

o PICAXE

* PIC18 series: 16-bit instruction words, three address pointers ("indirect register pairs")

16-bit (16-bit data bus) microcontrollers, with 16 general-purpose registers (each 16-bit)

* PIC24

* dsPIC

32-bit (32 bit data bus) microcontrollers:

* PIC32MX series: 32 bit instructions, uses the MIPS architecture

National Semiconductor

* COP400 (4-bit)

* COP8

* CR16

* SC/MP

NEC

* 17K

* V25

* 75X

* 78K

* V850

Parallax

* SX

* Propeller

NXP Semiconductors

* 8-bit

o 80C51

* 16-bit

o XA

* 32-bit

o ARM7

+ LPC2000

o ARM9

+ LPC3000

o ARM Cortex-M4

+ LPC4300

o ARM Cortex-M3

+ LPC1700/LPC1300/LPC1800

o ARM Cortex-M0

+ LPC1100/LPC1200

Rabbit Semiconductor

* Rabbit 2000

* Rabbit 3000

* Rabbit 4000

Renesas Electronics

Renesas is a joint venture of Hitachi and Mitsubishi Electric.

In April 2010 Renesas Technology and NEC Electronics merged to form Renesas Electronics.

* 4-bit

o 720

* 8-bit

o 78K

o SLP

o 740

* 16-bit

o M16C

o H8

o R8C

* 32-bit

o SuperH

o V850

o RX

SiLabs

* C8051F300

* C8051F120

Silicon Motion

* SM2XX Family - Flash Memory Card Controllers

* SM321 - USB 2.0

* SM323 - USB 2.0

* SM323E - USB 2.0

* SM324 - USB 2.0

* SM330 - USB 2.0

* SM501 - Mobile Graphics

* SM712 - Mobile Graphics

* SM722 - Mobile Graphics

* SM340 - MP3/JPEG

* SM350 - MP3/JPEG

* SM370 - Image processing

Sony

* SPC700/700aII Series

* SPC900 Series

* SPC970 Series

* SR11 Series

STMicroelectronics

* ST6 (8 bit)

* ST7 (8 bit)

* STM8 (8 bit), STM MCU Pages, Extra info concerning STM8 family.

* �PSD (8032 - 8 bit)

* ST10 (16 bit)

* STM32 (ARM Cortex M3 - 32 bit), STM MCU Pages, Extra info concerning STM32 family.

* STR7 (ARM7TDMI - 32 bit)

* STR9 (ARM966E-S - 32 bit)

Texas Instruments

* TMS370 (8-bit)

* MSP430 (16-bit, Ultra-low-power)

* TMS320F28xx (32-bit)

* C2000 (32-bit, Real-time control)

* Stellaris (32-bit, ARM Cortex-M3)

* TMS570 (32-bit RISC, ARM Cortex-R4)

Toshiba

* TLCS-47 (4-bit)

* TLCS-870 (8-bit CISC)

* TLCS-900 (16 and 32-bit CISC)

* TX19A (32-bit RISC)

Ubicom

* IP2022

* IP3022

Xemics

* XE8000 8-bit microcontroller family

Xilinx

* Microblaze 32 bit soft microprocessor

* Picoblaze 8 bit soft microprocessor

XMOS

* XCore XS1 32-bit, multithreaded, event driven micro

ZiLOG

Zilog's (primary) microcontroller families, in chronological order:

* Older:

o Zilog Z8

o Zilog Z180

* Newer:

o Zilog eZ8

o Zilog eZ80

o Zilog Z16

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