MINI FM STATION

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to transmit voice and music in FM frequency band

(88-108MHZS) similar to what an FM station does.this is possible by frequency modulating the voice or music signal with a carrier.

The idea is very simple,the frequency of the carrier is varied linearly in accordance with the voice or music that we want to transmit.A colpitts oscillator produces necessary carrier oscillations. the carrier has some amount of frequency deviation with respect to the voice or music message.

The voice or music is pre-amplified in the first stage,A simple colpitts oscillator doesnt give any message information,it just gives a blank carrier oscillations.we must vary its frequency in accordance with the music or voice.in order to do it,The base emitter junction of the of the colpitts oscillator is biased with the voice or music signals .the voice or music signal voltage varies the junction capacitance of the oscillator.such that the capacitance of the junction is varied with the voice or music signal voltage.this variation in the capacitance inturn varies the frequency of oscillations.

hence the frequency variations are produced with the variations in the voice or music signal.

This frequency modulated signal is now ready to be transmitted across the free space.using a proper antenna with good matching characteristics we can transmit the frequency modulated signal in to air the form of electromagnetic radiations.

A commercial FM receiver can catch this electromagnetic radiations and convert it to electrical signal and demodulate it back to the original voice or music signal. demodulator is a commercial receiver which uses a phase locked loop circuitry.

Hence following the method described above we can thus transmit and receive a voice and music signal wirelesly over the free space.

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>

authors:

P.SHOBHA (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

S.VENKATESH (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

T.RAGHURAM (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

M.KRISHNA KANTH(Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

P.PRABHATH(Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

ABSTRACT

The project is all about building a model TEELEPHONE EXCHANGE that facilitates the connection of eight(8) telephones. Telephone exchange switches one telephone connecting to other. Infact it is not the only thing it does, but the set with which communication required is generating the pulses when the relevant number is dialed. The important functions of telephone exchange are:

1) To Decode and process the pulses generated by the telephone sets

2) To generate a dialing tone

3) To generate and pass on a ringing tone

4) To interconnect the sets as soon as the receiver is lifted

5) To prevent the third party/ set listening in;

The exchange is provided with LEDs that show at all times which of the sets, if any, are engaged. An indicating LED indicates whether the exchange is engaged or not. This LED goes out only when the communication has been terminated i.e. , when the two relevant receivers have been replaced on their rests. All the telephone sets are powered from a common source via the stand by and speech lines; The connection between each of the sets and the exchange is therefore, in many cases is possible, via two lines only. The bell voltage is placed on the speech line via a relay. Calling one set from another is done by simply dialing or keying in the number of wanted set i.e., 1�8

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>>>>

authors:

Y.VAMSI (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

N.PRAPOORNA (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

R.BHUSHANAM (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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SATELLITE SIGNAL TRACKING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The Main objective of the project is to control the Satellite Dish Antenna movement according to the orbit of Satellite. It is useful to produce the maximum signal strength from the Satellite. For the purpose of practical demonstration we have constructed Antenna by using LDR �s and substituted satellite with a laser light so that signal strength will be measured in terms of light intensity.

The project is designed with Micro Controller 89c51 and stepper motor, motor driven circuit, LDR �s and voltage comparators. The Antenna attached to the stepper motor rotating towards the forward direction and reverse direction.

Initially the program written in micro controller scans for the maximum light intensity (maximum signal strength) focused on the Antenna then stops rotation. When the light intensity is decreased again it looks for maximum light intensity and moving in incrementing direction. Again it stops rotation at maximum value. The rotating direction may be clockwise or anticlockwise.

All LDR �s, limit switches are connected to the input port, motor is connected to output port of Micro Controller.

It is an useful project to rotate the Antenna in the direction of satellite.

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>>>>

authors:

Y.VAMSI (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

N.PRAPOORNA (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

R.BHUSHANAM (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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LIST OF MICROCONTROLLERS

This is a list of common microcontrollers listed by brand

AMCC

* PPC 403GCX

* PowerPC 405

o PPC 405EP

o PPC 405GP/CR

o PPC 405GPr

o PPC NPe405H/L

* PowerPC 440

o PPC 440GP

o PPC 440GX

o PPC 440EP/EPx/GRx

o PPC 440SP/SPe

Altera

* Nios II 32-bit configurable soft microprocessor

* Nios 16-bit configurable soft processor

Analog Devices

* Blackfin

* Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer (SHARC)

* TigerSHARC

* ADSP-21xx digital signal processor

* MicroConverter Family - ARM7 and 8052 cores

Atmel

* AT89 series (Intel 8051 architecture)

All four ports in the AT89C51 and AT89C52 are bidirectional.Each consists of a latch (Special Function Registers P0 through P3), an output driver, and an input buffer.The output drivers of Ports 0 and 2, and the input buffers of Port 0, are used in accesses to external memory. In this application, Port 0 outputs the low byte of the external memory address, time-multiplexed with the byte being written or read. Port 2 outputs the high byte of the external memory address when the address is 16 bits wide. Otherwise the Port 2 pins continue to emit the P2 SFR content. All the Port 3 pins, and two Port 1 pins (in the AT89C52)are multifunctional.The alternate functions can only be activated if the corresponding bit latch in the port SFR contains a 1. Otherwise the port pin is stuck at 0. It has less complex feature than other microprocessor.

Device name Data Memory

AT89C1051 1K Flash 64 RAM

AT89C2051 2K Flash 128 RAM

AT89C4051 4K Flash 128 RAM

AT89C51 4K Flash 128 RAM

AT89C52 8K Flash 256 RAM

AT89C55 20K Flash 256 RAM

AT89S8252 8K Flash 256 RAM

AT89S53 12K Flash 256 RAM

* AT90, ATtiny, ATmega, ATxmega series (AVR architecture) (Atmel Norway design)

consumes more power than 89 series

* AT91SAM (ARM7 architecture)

# AT91x40 series

# AT91sam7l series ... low power operation

# AT91sam7s series ... with USB and other peripherals

# AT91sam7se series ... with USB, external memory support, and other peripherals

# AT91sam7x series ... with Ethernet, USB, CAN, and other peripherals

# AT91sam7xc series ... cryptographic extensions (notably AES support) to AT91sam7x chips

* AVR32 (32-bit AVR architecture) (Atmel Norway design)

The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel in 1996. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to One-Time Programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.

* MARC4

Charmed Labs

* Qwerk

* XPort

Cypress Semiconductor

* CY8C2xxxx (PSoC1) CPU M8C

* CY8C3xxxx (PSoC3) CPU 8051

* CY8C5xxxx (PSoC5) CPU ARM Cortex M3

Psoc (Programmable system on CHIP)

Dallas semiconductors

* 8051 Family

* MAXQ RISC Family

* Secure Micros Family

ELAN Microelectronics Corp.

ELAN's microcontroller product range includes the following:

* EM78PXXX Low Pin-Count MCU Family

* EM78PXXXN GPIO Type MCU Family

* EM78PXXXN ADC Type MCU Family

Energy Micro

Energy Micro AS provides low energy 32-bit microcontrollers using an ARM Cortex-M3 processor.

The semiconductor company is situated in Oslo, Norway. The EFM32 products consists of:

* Standard microcontrollers

* Application specific microcontrollers

* Custom microcontrollers

EPSON Semiconductor

* 4-bit Microcomputers S1C60/62/63 family

* 8-bit Microcomputers S1C88 family

* 16-bit Microcomputers S1C17 family

* 32-bit Microcomputers S1C33 family

Freescale Semiconductor

* 8-bit

o 68HC05 (CPU05)

o 68HC08 (CPU08)

o 68HC11 (CPU11)

* 16-bit

o 68HC12 (CPU12)

o 68HC16 (CPU16)

o Freescale DSP56800 (DSPcontroller)

* 32-bit

o Freescale 683XX

o M�CORE

o MPC500

o MPC 860 (PowerQUICC)

o MPC 8240/8250 (PowerQUICC II)

o MPC 8540/8555/8560 (PowerQUICC III)

Fujitsu

* F�MC Family (8/16 bit)

* FR Family (32 bit)

* FR-V Family (32 bit RISC)

Holtek

Holtek Semiconductor is a Taiwan-based designer of 8-bit microcontrollers and peripheral products.

Located in the Hsinchu Science Park

* HT48FXX Flash I/O type series

* HT48RXX I/O type series

* HT46RXX A/D type series

* HT49RXX LCD type series

* HT82XX Computer Peripheral series

* HT95XX Telecom Peripheral series

* HT86XX Voice series

Infineon

* 8-bit

o XC800 family

* 16-bit

o XE166 family

o C166 family

o C167 family

* 32-bit

o TRICORE family

Intel

? List of Intel microprocessors#Microcontrollers

* 8-bit

o MCS-48 (8048 family � also incl. 8035, 8038, 8039, 8040, 8X42, 8X49, 8050; X=0 or 7)

o MCS-51 (8051 family � also incl. 8X31, 8X32, 8X52; X=0, 3, or 7)

o 8xC251

* 16-bit

o MCS-96 (8096 family � also incl. 8061)

o Intel MCS-296

Lattice Semiconductor

* Mico8 8 bit soft microprocessor

* Mico32 32 bit soft microprocessor

Microchip Technology

Microchip produces microcontrollers with 3 very different architectures:

8-bit (8 bit data bus) PICmicro, with a single accumulator (8 bits):

* PIC10 and PIC12: 12-bit instruction words

* PIC16 series: 14-bit instruction words, one address pointer ("indirect register pair")

o PIC16F628 (Replacement for very popular but discontinued PIC16F84)

o PICAXE

* PIC18 series: 16-bit instruction words, three address pointers ("indirect register pairs")

16-bit (16-bit data bus) microcontrollers, with 16 general-purpose registers (each 16-bit)

* PIC24

* dsPIC

32-bit (32 bit data bus) microcontrollers:

* PIC32MX series: 32 bit instructions, uses the MIPS architecture

National Semiconductor

* COP400 (4-bit)

* COP8

* CR16

* SC/MP

NEC

* 17K

* V25

* 75X

* 78K

* V850

Parallax

* SX

* Propeller

NXP Semiconductors

* 8-bit

o 80C51

* 16-bit

o XA

* 32-bit

o ARM7

+ LPC2000

o ARM9

+ LPC3000

o ARM Cortex-M4

+ LPC4300

o ARM Cortex-M3

+ LPC1700/LPC1300/LPC1800

o ARM Cortex-M0

+ LPC1100/LPC1200

Rabbit Semiconductor

* Rabbit 2000

* Rabbit 3000

* Rabbit 4000

Renesas Electronics

Renesas is a joint venture of Hitachi and Mitsubishi Electric.

In April 2010 Renesas Technology and NEC Electronics merged to form Renesas Electronics.

* 4-bit

o 720

* 8-bit

o 78K

o SLP

o 740

* 16-bit

o M16C

o H8

o R8C

* 32-bit

o SuperH

o V850

o RX

SiLabs

* C8051F300

* C8051F120

Silicon Motion

* SM2XX Family - Flash Memory Card Controllers

* SM321 - USB 2.0

* SM323 - USB 2.0

* SM323E - USB 2.0

* SM324 - USB 2.0

* SM330 - USB 2.0

* SM501 - Mobile Graphics

* SM712 - Mobile Graphics

* SM722 - Mobile Graphics

* SM340 - MP3/JPEG

* SM350 - MP3/JPEG

* SM370 - Image processing

Sony

* SPC700/700aII Series

* SPC900 Series

* SPC970 Series

* SR11 Series

STMicroelectronics

* ST6 (8 bit)

* ST7 (8 bit)

* STM8 (8 bit), STM MCU Pages, Extra info concerning STM8 family.

* �PSD (8032 - 8 bit)

* ST10 (16 bit)

* STM32 (ARM Cortex M3 - 32 bit), STM MCU Pages, Extra info concerning STM32 family.

* STR7 (ARM7TDMI - 32 bit)

* STR9 (ARM966E-S - 32 bit)

Texas Instruments

* TMS370 (8-bit)

* MSP430 (16-bit, Ultra-low-power)

* TMS320F28xx (32-bit)

* C2000 (32-bit, Real-time control)

* Stellaris (32-bit, ARM Cortex-M3)

* TMS570 (32-bit RISC, ARM Cortex-R4)

Toshiba

* TLCS-47 (4-bit)

* TLCS-870 (8-bit CISC)

* TLCS-900 (16 and 32-bit CISC)

* TX19A (32-bit RISC)

Ubicom

* IP2022

* IP3022

Xemics

* XE8000 8-bit microcontroller family

Xilinx

* Microblaze 32 bit soft microprocessor

* Picoblaze 8 bit soft microprocessor

XMOS

* XCore XS1 32-bit, multithreaded, event driven micro

ZiLOG

Zilog's (primary) microcontroller families, in chronological order:

* Older:

o Zilog Z8

o Zilog Z180

* Newer:

o Zilog eZ8

o Zilog eZ80

o Zilog Z16

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HOME AUTOMATION OVER INTERNET

"Home Automation over internet". Most of the people thought of
controlling home appliances and other things like bulbs tubes and
switches etc using an IR remote or a wired things running from your
computer to your switch board, but what if you are not at home and
suddenly you reminded that you have left something on but you are not
sure and you can't even go back.. so what can you do? Don't worry
friends solution is here. now access your fully automated home from
anywhere in the world that the power of internet... ;-)

So talking about the main thing which you can say the backbone of this
project is the HOME AUTOMATION SERVER this software helps you to
emulate your serial communication over a very famous remote access
utility called TELNET. So basically a telnet server is created at your
host PC. A screen shot of the working software is shown below.


Figure 1: Home Automation Server Software

Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the full system.

We have switches and home appliances that are to be controlled. The embedded hardware
is then connected to your PC via serial communication running at 9600
8-n-1 configuration. The HA server is running on the PC with any
operating system, with PC's IP configured. You can use a DNS server if
you want access all over the internet and if you are using it on LAN
then you can have a fix IP within that domain. So using the telnet
command with the ip address of the server you can connect to the
server.

Figure 3 and 4 shows the schematic diagram for home automation project
as you can see, we are using LEDs to denote bulbs, tubes and Switches.
As per the program, the tubes are connected at P1.0 and P1.1; Bulbs
are connected at P1.2, P1.3 and P1.4; and switched are connected at
P1.5, P1.6 and P1.7. The LCD (16x2 LCD) is connected at P2; and three
switches which are used to read the messages i.e. P3.2 for read
message, P3.3 for next message and P3.4 for Previous Message. Because
of the lack of RAM we can only support maximum of three messages.


Figure 3: Control, Display and PC interface section


Figure 4: Appliance and Power Supply section.

Following are the commands which are used in our project.

COMMAND

DESCRIPTION

stat

To get the status of all the appliances connected to the controller.

tube

To switch ON/OFF the tubes. Selecting any one out of two.

Bulb

To switch ON/OFF the bulbs, selecting any one out of the three bulbs.

swch

To switch ON/OFF the switches connected to the controller, selecting
anyone out of three switches.

msg

To leave a message. Maximum of three messages and each containing
maximum 28 characters.

?

To display help menu.

The source code and the software HA server for the Home Automation
Project can be downloaded from link below. It also contains a help
file which will help guide you how to use the software.
Old Source code with help
HA Server

Changes in the new code!

added dimmness of LED

Schematic updated

LED indicator for new message
download the new code here NEW Source code

This article is borrowed from the ajay bhargav's website

SOURCE: http://www.kmitl.ac.th

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GSM BASED DATA AQUISITION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

GSM Data Acquisition System is based on GSM Cellular Network. In this project we monitor the data in room by sending required data values to selected phone numbers using GSM modem. Data values are like functions of remotely data, environment monitoring (support input DC 0-20MA), fire protection, anti-burglary, as well as intelligent remote control. It is widely used in industry, building, petroleum, rail-way, school...etc.

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems (abbreviated with the acronym DAS or DAQ) typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. Sensors convert physical parameters to electrical signals. Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to digital values. Analog-to-digital converters convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values. Main Features of data acquisition systems are Data Monitoring, Fire Protection, Remotely Control Function, and Anti-burglary Function.

GSM Data Acquisition System can monitor the AC/DC voltage remotely. The user can know the exact data (e.g. input voltage is AC 220 V) via SMS; also user can set the voltage alarm point. When the input voltage is higher or lower this point, the system will alarm. It will send SMS, as well as phone call to inform user immediately.

1. AC Voltage input monitoring (Range: 0-500V).

2. Frequency input monitoring for AC signals (50Hz).

3. Temperature Monitoring (Range: -10 to +60).

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>>>>

authors:

Y.VARAPRASAD(Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

P.ANJANEYULU (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

A.THANUJA(Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

N.V.SANTHI KUMAR (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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DESIGN OF L-BAND SPIRO HELICAL ANTENNA

ABSTRACT

A novel antenna made of a spiral wire wrapped into a larger helical shape is introduced. The geometry of this antenna, which is a doubly helical structure, is fully described by five independent parameters, including two radial dimensions, two pitch angles, and the number of turns. Radiation properties of this antenna are examined both theoretically and experimentally. The Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC-2) is used to obtain simulation results. A large number of cases with different radii, pitch angles, and number of turns are investigated. Results for far-field patterns, gain, axial ratio, and bandwidth are presented. The influence of parameters on radiation properties is examined. Several prototypes of the antenna were constructed and tested using an outdoor antenna range. Measured far-field patterns are presented over a wide range of frequencies. The measured and computed radiation patterns are in good agreement.

The results of this study indicate that the proposed antenna provides circular polarization and high gain over a wide frequency range. For example, when the number of turns is 10, a gain of 11-14 dB, a bore sight axial ratio of less than 3 dB, and a half-power beam width of about 40 degrees are achieved over a 30% bandwidth. The side-lobe level for most cases examined is better than 10 dB below the main beam. A unique advantage of this antenna is its much smaller size compared with a conventional helical antenna made of straight wire shaped into a helix. Having about the same radiation characteristics, including gain, circular polarization, bandwidth, and side-lobe level, this new antenna occupies a volume more than 2.5 to 3 times smaller than the conventional helix. This reduction in size, which in turn may imply smaller weight and lower packaging and manufacturing costs, makes the proposed antenna very appealing to many communications and aerospace applications.

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>>>>

authors:

T.NAGA JYOTHI (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

MD.ROSHAN NAWAZ (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

B.PRAVEEN VENKATESH (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

M.ALEKHYA (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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MOBILE SHIELD

ABSTRACT

The main objective of the term paper is to protect your mobile phone from unauthorized use or theft using this simple circuit It can generate a loud chirping sound when somebody attempts to take away the mobile handset. The added feature is that the circuit also works as a mobile charger.

Here we consider the operation of monostable and Astable multivibrators to perform our task. The circuit is powered by a step-down transformer X1 with rectifier diodes D1 and D2 and filter capacitance�s. Even the circuit can also be powered by direct dc supply of 12-15V. The circuit uses two NE555 timers, one to perform astable and other to perform monostable operations.

The output of monostable is given to astable. The output frequency of the monostable is adjusted using preset VR1 such that it is slightly less than that of the astable. This makes the circuit standby, when there is no hand capacitance present. When a hand comes near the shield or makes contact with the shield, which introduces hand capacitance in the circuit. As a result, the astable�s frequency changes, which makes the trigger pin of the monostable low and its output oscillates. This produces chirping sound from the buzzer and also makes the LED1 blink. The circuit can also be used as a mobile charger. It provides output of 6V at 180 mA through regulator IC 7806 (IC4) and resistorR5 for charging the mobile phone.

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>>>>

authors:

R.VYSHNAVI (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

G.UDAY (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

A.VIJAY BABU (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

T.KISHORE (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

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AUTOMATED MEDICAL RADIOGRAPH COMPRESSION &DECOMPRESSION

ABSTRACT

Recently, teleradiology, which is one of the most used clinical aspects of telemedicine, has received much attention. Teleradiology attempts to transfer medical images of various modalities, like computerized tomography (CT) scans, magnetic imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (US), and x-rays from one location to another such as in hospitals, imaging centers or a physician�s desk.

Efficient storage and transmission of medical images in telemedicine is of utmost importance however, this efficiency can be hindered due to storage capacity and constraints on bandwidth. Thus, a medical image may require compression before transmission or storage. Ideal image compression systems must yield high quality compressed images with high compression ratio; this can be achieved using wavelet transform based compression. There is a general preference to use wavelet transforms in image compression because the compressed images and be obtained with higher compression ratios and higher PSNR values.

However, the choice of an optimum compression ratio is difficult as it varies depending on the content of the image. In a Principal Component Analysis based neural network was used for image compression. In a neural network quantizer was used to yield a high compression ratio while maintaining high quality images. The proposed method suggests that a trained neural network can learn the non-linear relationship between the intensity (pixel values) of a radiograph, or x-ray, image and its optimum compression ratio.

Once the highest compression ratio is obtained, while maintaining good image quality, the result reduction in radiograph image size, should make the storage and transmission of radiographs more efficient.

CONTN............READ MORE>>>>>>>

authors:

R.VYSHNAVI (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

G.UDAY (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

A.VIJAY BABU (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

T.KISHORE (Btech RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG.)

I sincerely thank authors,the students of "RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGG"

for their great support.

my special thanks to v.v.m.m.rao

TO DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT CLICK HERE

Read More