IC MAX232 FOR INTERFACING COMPUTER USING RS-232 WITH EXTERNAL HARDWARE(�c or �p)

From my previous article RS232 SERIAL COMMUNICATION STANDARD ,we know that RS232 serial is used to communicate external hardware like microprocessors and micro controllers with computer

Serial RS-232 communication works with voltages (between -15V ... -3V are used to transmit a binary '1' and +3V ... +15V to transmit a binary '0') . On the other hand, external interfacing hardware like microprocessors and microcontrollers of modern VLSI technology are made of TTL logic operates between 0V ... +5V (roughly 0V ... +0.8V referred to as low for binary '0', +2V ... +5V for high binary '1' ). Modern low-power logic operates in the range of 0V ... +3.3V or even lower.

So, the maximum RS-232 signal levels are far too high for today's TTL logic electronic hardwares, and the negative

RS-232 voltage can't be grokked at all by the TTL logic. Therefore, to receive serial data from an RS-232 interface the voltage has to be reduced, and the 0 and 1voltage levels inverted. In the other direction (sending data from some logic over RS-232) the low logic voltage has to be "bumped up", and a negative voltage has to be generated, too.

All this can be done with conventional analog electronics, e.g. a particular power supply and a couple of transistors or the once popular 1488 (transmitter) and 1489 (receiver) ICs. However, since more than a decade it has become standard in amateur electronics to do the necessary signal level conversion with an integrated circuit (IC) from the MAX232 family (typically a MAX232A or some clone). In fact, it is hard to find some RS-232 circuitry in amateur electronics without a MAX232A or some clone.

It should be noted that the MAX232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more popular.

The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a large series of similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built-in or external capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors built-in. The MAX233 is also between three and ten times more expensive in electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its internal capacitors. It is also more difficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety MAX232A.

A similar IC, the MAX3232 is nowadays available for low-power 3V logic.

MAX232(A) DIP Package

MAX232(A) DIP Package Pin Layout

Nbr	Name	Purpose	Signal Voltage	Capacitor Value MAX232	Capacitor Value MAX232A
1	C1+	+ connector for capacitor C1	capacitor should stand at least 16V	1�F	100nF
2	V+	output of voltage pump	+10V, capacitor should stand at least 16V	1�F to VCC	100nF to VCC
3	C1-	- connector for capacitor C1	capacitor should stand at least 16V	1�F	100nF
4	C2+	+ connector for capacitor C2	capacitor should stand at least 16V	1�F	100nF
5	C2-	- connector for capacitor C2	capacitor should stand at least 16V	1�F	100nF
6	V-	output of voltage pump / inverter	-10V, capacitor should stand at least 16V	1�F to GND	100nF to GND
7	T2out	Driver 2 output	RS-232
8	R2in	Receiver 2 input	RS-232
9	R2out	Receiver 2 output	TTL
10	T2in	Driver 2 input	TTL
11	T1in	Driver 1 input	TTL
12	R1out	Receiver 1 output	TTL
13	R1in	Receiver 1 input	RS-232
14	T1out	Driver 1 output	RS-232
15	GND	Ground	0V	1�F to VCC	100nF to VCC
16	VCC	Power supply	+5V	see above	see above

V+(2) is also connected to VCC via a capacitor (C3). V-(6) is connected to GND via a capacitor (C4). And GND(15) and VCC(16) are also connected by a capacitor (C5), as close as possible to the pins.

EQUIVALENT IC DIAGRAM:

A Typical Application

The MAX232(A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo provided four drivers and receivers.

Typically a pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for

• TX and RX

and the second one for

• CTS and RTS.

There are not enough drivers/receivers in the MAX232 to also connect the DTR, DSR, and DCD signals. Usually these signals can be omitted when e.g. communicating with a PC's serial interface. If the DTE really requires these signals either a second MAX232 is needed, or some other IC from the MAX232 family can be used (if it can be found in consumer electronic shops at all). An alternative for DTR/DSR is also given below.

Maxim's data sheet explains the MAX232 family in great detail, including the pin configuration and how to connect such an IC to external circuitry. This information can be used as-is in own design to get a working RS-232 interface. Maxim's data just misses one critical piece of information: How exactly to connect the RS-232 signals to the IC. So here is one possible example:

MAX232 to RS232 DB9 Connection as a DCE

MAX232 Pin Nbr.	MAX232 Pin Name	Signal	Voltage	DB9 Pin
7	T2out	RTS	RS-232	8
8	R2in	CTS	RS-232	7
9	R2out	CTS	TTL	n/a
10	T2in	RTS	TTL	n/a
11	T1in	TX	TTL	n/a
12	R1out	RX	TTL	n/a
13	R1in	TX	RS-232	3
14	T1out	RX	RS-232	2
15	GND	GND	0	5

In addition one can directly wire DTR (DB9 pin 4) to DSR (DB9 pin 6) without going through any circuitry. This gives automatic (brain dead) DSR acknowledgment of an incoming DTR signal.

Sometimes pin 6 of the MAX232 is hard wired to DCD (DB9 pin 1). This is not recommended. Pin 6 is the raw output of the voltage pump and inverter for the -10V voltage. Drawing currents from the pin leads to a rapid breakdown of the voltage, and as a consequence to a breakdown of the output voltage of the two RS-232 drivers. It is better to use software which doesn't care about DCD, but does hardware-handshaking via CTS/RTS only.

The circuitry is completed by connecting five capacitors to the IC as it follows. The MAX232 needs 1.0�F capacitors, the MAX232A needs 0.1�F capacitors. MAX232 clones show similar differences. It is recommended to consult the corresponding data sheet. At least 16V capacitor types should be used. If electrolytic or tantalic capacitors are used, the polarity has to be observed. The first pin as listed in the following table is always where the plus pole of the capacitor should be connected to.

MAX232(A) external Capacitors

Capacitor	+ Pin	- Pin	Remark
C1	1	3
C2	4	5
C3	2	16
C4	GND	6	This looks non-intuitive, but because pin 6 is on -10V, GND gets the + connector, and not the -
C5	16	GND

The 5V power supply is connected to

• +5V: Pin 16
• GND: Pin 15

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